Objective To analyze the impact of rodent density on the incidence of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Zhejiang province, and to provide background for the prevention and control of the rodent-borne diseases. Methods The monitoring data of rodent density and the incidence of HFRS were collected from January 2005 to December 2014 in Zhejiang province. Spearman correlation analysis and linear regression method were applied for data analysis. Results The average density of rodents in the last decade was 0.88% in Zhejiang province, and the Rattus norvegicus was the predominant species which accounting for 51.16% of the total number. There was correlation with the rodent density and the incidence of HFRS lagging one month to four months, and the correlation coefficients were 0.247, 0.369, 0.328, and 0.213 respectively (P < 0.05). The linear regression found that the rodent density was significantly associated with the incidence of HFRS lagging one month to four months (R²=0.106, 0.167, 0.134, and 0.067, P < 0.05). Every 1% increase in the rodent density, followed by 0.326, 0.409, 0.367 and 0.258 (/100 000) increase in the HFRS incidence lagging one month to four months respectively. Conclusion Rodent density has certain influence on the incidence of HFRS in Zhejiang province. The density monitoring and rodent control should be carried out on a routine basis.

Objective To investigate the fly population and density and the insecticide resistance of Musca domestica in Zhejiang province, China, and to provide a reference for fly control. Methods The fly population and density were investigated by cage trap method with brown sugar and vinegar as baits from April to November. Topical application method was used to investigate the insecticide resistance of M. domestica. Results The trapped flies belonged to 14 species, 7 genera, and 3 families. The density of Chrysomya megacephala was the highest (3.36 flies/cage), followed by M. domestica. The peak level of fly density appeared in May, June, and August. M. domestica in the monitoring sites had high resistance to pyrethroid, low resistance to dichlorvos, and little resistance to acetofenate. Conclusion Fly density reaches the peak level in June in Zhejiang province, China, and M. domestica and C. megacephala are the dominant species. The field strains of M. domestica have high resistance to pyrethroid. Insecticides should be mixed and used by turns in the future fly control to prevent the increase of insecticide resistance.

Objective To get an insight into the distribution and seasonal fluctuation of rodent population and provide the basis for the control of rodents and rodent-borne diseases in Zhejiang province. Methods Rodent density surveillance was conducted once a month by night trapping method, with each surveillanc site covering a residential area, a special industry and a natural rural village. Results It was found that Rattus norvegicus was the predominant species in most areas of Zhejiang province in 2010, followed by Mus musculus and R. tanezumi. The average rodent density in the province was 0.97 per 100 rat traps, with the average density in natural rural villages being 1.23 per 100 rat traps. M. musculus was the predominant species in Hangzhou and Haiyan areas, while R. tanezumi was the predominant species in Quzhou city. The curve of rodent seasonal fluctuation showed a double-peaked pattern. The highest rodent density was seen in Jiangshan city. Conclusion There are several rodent species in Zhejiang province that can transmit diseases, so it is important to strengthen the integrated surveillance to reduce the rodent density for the control of rodent-borne diseases.

Objective To integrate monitoring of rodents and rodent-borne diseases, and to explore and analyze the feasibility of the integrated monitoring mode. Methods An executive office was established to coordinate the related departments and staff for investigating the epidemics. Investigations included epidemiological surveys, measuring rodent density with the night trapping method, capturing live rodents using the cage-trap method and etiological detection. Results In 2010, one case of leptospirosis was reported in the county with an incidence rate of 0.25/10⁵. A total of 52 rodents were captured in 2117 traps, with a rodent to trap density of 2.46%. Etiologic and serologic detection of plague was negative. Hantaan virus antigen positive rate was 4.00% and Hantaan virus antibody positive rate was 2.67% . The leptospira culture was negative. Conclusion The integrated monitoring mode was generally feasible in Longyou. Further strengthened research on the integrated mode for both rodents and rodent-borne diseases is necessary.

Objective To provide an overview of such dynamics as the population distribution and seasonal variation of mosquitoes in Zhejiang province, which gives the basis for prevention of mosquito-borne diseases. Methods Mosquito light traps produced by one manufacturer, Wuhan Jixing Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, were used to collect the insects. Results Culex pipiens pallens mosquitoes were the predominant species in most areas of Zhejiang province, while Cx. tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes were predominant in Ningbo and Lishui areas, and Aedes albopictus were distributed in most parts of the province. Mosquito activities peaked from June to September, as the number of mosquitoes captured in this period accounted for 79.80% of the total in a year. Of the 5 different habitats, stockyards contained the most mosquitoes, accounting for 46.03%. Conclusion Zhejiang’s geographical environment and climatic conditions are favorable to the growth of a variety of mosquitoes, making the prevention and control of mosquito-borne diseases and reduction of mosquito density essential in all areas of the province.

Objective To compare the effectiveness of the labor-hour method and the light trap method to mosquitoes, providing the basis for development of scientific and standard mosquito monitoring. Methods The study was conducted in Ningbo, where adult mosquitoes were monitored using the light trap method on a monthly basis to identify the composition and seasonal dynamics of mosquitoes. The resulting data were compared with the monitoring results from 2006 through 2008 based on the labor hour method. Results According to the labor-hour monitoring results, Culex pipiens pallens was the predominant indoor species in the residential areas of the city from 2006 to 2008, accounting for 99.17% of total mosquitoes. Aedes albopictus, Anopheles sinensis and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus accounted for 0.49%, 0.20% and 0.13%, respectively. The light trap monitoring in residential areas showed that Cx. pipiens pallens accounted for 81.55% of the total number, while Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, An. sinensis and Ae. albopictus accounted for 13.43%, 2.31% and 1.97%, respectively. Conclusion Both kinds of approaches were useful in revealing the composition of predominant mosquito species in the region. Therefore, the light trap method, featuring ease of use and minimum man-made factors, is more suitable for long-term systematic monitoring.

Objective To determine the dynamics of the resistance of outdoor natural populations of Musca domestica to six insecticides including deltamethrin in seven cities such as Ningbo, providing the basis for scientific and proper use of pesticides and further development of fly control. Methods Topical application was used to determine the median lethal dose of the agents to M. domestica. Results The natural populations of M. domestica in the seven cities were most resistant to deltamethrin and beta cypermethrin, the resistance ratios for which were: 34.9 and 22.6 times in Ningbo, 38.6 and 20.8 times in Lishui, 36.4 and 23.5 times in Wenzhou, 28.3 and 30.5 times in Quzhou, 40.1 and 36.1 times in Jinhua, 34.1 and 32.0 in Shaoxing, and 37.9 and 20.4 times in Linhai. The resistance ratios for dichlorvos and cypermethrin, to which the flies were less resistant, were: 10.3 and 15.7 times in Ningbo, 10.9 and 12.5 times in Lishui, 11.2 and 17.5 times in Wenzhou, 13.8 and 12.6 times in Quzhou, 14.3 and 11.2 times in Jinhua, 10.7 and 16.3 times in Shaoxing, and 15.2 and 10.9 times in Linhai. The resistance ratios of the flies in Quzhou and Jinhua to permethrin were 10.1 and 13.0 times, respectively, while all of those in the other five cities were below 8.2 times. The resistance ratio of all the flies to while acetophenate was below 1.9 times. Analysis of variance showed significant difference in the resistance between the natural populations of M. domestica in the seven cities and the susceptible lines (F＝ 51.299, P＝0.000), though no statistical difference was found in the resistance between the natural populations from different regions (F＝0.100, P＝0.998). Analysis of variance showed statistical difference in the varied insecticidal resistance of the natural populations to different agents (F＝25.420, P＝0.000). Conclusion The natural populations demonstrated varied resistance to the 6 pesticides, and were most resistant to deltamethrin and beta cypermethrin.

Objective The dominant species of ticks in Zhejiang province was identified and detected for Bartonella infection in order to provide the basis for the control and prevention of Bartonella human infection. Methods Engorged adult ticks were collected from the body surface of the animals in Tiantai, Jindong and Jiangshan areas, and the prevalence of Bartonella was detected using PCR. Sequencing analysis was then performed to identify the Bartonella species. Results All captured ticks were Ixodes sinensis, with the positive rates of 42.3%(11/26), 6.7%(2/30) and 3.3%(1/30) in Tiantai, Jindong and Jiangshan areas, respectively. The average positive rate was 16.3%. The detected Bartonella had the closest genetic relationship with Bartonella rattimassilensis, followed by the human pathogenic B. grahamii. Conclusion The presence of Bartonella infection in ticks in Zhejiang posed the risk of transmission to humans, and hence the corresponding control measures should be taken.

Objective To analyze the feasibility of integrated monitoring of mosquitoes and mosquito?borne diseases, providing an integrated monitoring mode of vectors and the related diseases. Methods The integrated monitoring procedures for mosquitoes and mosquito?borne diseases were tested in two vector monitoring sites. Integrated monitoring was conducted in cities and counties under the collaboration of relevant institutions and personnel. The lamp trap method was used for adult mosquito integrated monitoring from June to October in 2009. Results An executive office was set up under the Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to deal with the overall coordination. Ningbo CDC completed the integrated monitoring of mosquito density, seasonal fluctuation and mosquito?borne diseases without external aid. Jiande CDC finished the field investigation of the above monitoring, and the laboratory specimen test was performed by the Zhejiang CDC. These accomplishments required extraordinary institutional coordination and a large number of personnel. In 2009, Ningbo reported 48 cases of malaria with an incidence rate of 0.73/105; one case of dengue fever with an incidence rate of 0.02/105; 18 cases of Japanese encephalitis (JE) with an incidence rate of 0.28/105; and 1 death with a mortality rate of 5.56%. Jiande reported no cases of malaria, dengue fever and JE. A total of 22 108 mosquitoes were captured in Ningbo, with a density of 9.60/h; and 945 were captured in Jiande, with a density of 4.92/h. Culex tritaeniorhynchus was the predominant species in Ningbo, accounting for more than 90%, followed by Cx. pipiens pallens, where as Aedes albopictus accounted for only 0.14%. In Jiande, Cx. pipiens pallens was predominant, followed by Anopheles sinensis; no Ae. albopictus was captured. Fluorescent PCR detection of 1973 Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in Ningbo showed two positive specimens for JE, with the minimum positive rate of 0.10%. Nested PCR detection of 225 Cx. pipiens pallens in Jiande resulted in negative for yellow virus. Conclusion The integrated monitoring of mosquitoes and mosquito?borne diseases is feasible. It is suggested to strengthen the research with regard to the integrated monitoring, early warning, control strategies and measures of mosquitoes and mosquito?borne diseases.

【Abstract】 Objective To investigate the infection of Bartonella in rat?shape animals by molecular technology. Methods Rat?shape animals were captured by night trap in Tiantai county of Zhejiang province. DNA from rat livers were detected by PCR, and the positive products were sequenced. The infection rate of Bartonella in rat was calculated. Results There were 25 positive samples among 55 samples collected. The positive rate of Bartonella infection in Apodemus agrarius and Rattus losea were 48.84% and 33.33%, respectively. The sequence was more similar to B.doshiae. Conclusion The infection rate of Bartonella in rat?shape animals was higher in Tiantai county, and there was risk of transmitting this pathogen to human. The control measure should be figured out. It should take measures to control it.

【Abstract】 Objective To explore the epidemiological characteristics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS) in Zhejiang province for establishing pertinent prevention strategy. Methods Descriptive epidemiology method was applied for the analysis of epidemic situation. The antibody in the serum of HFRS patients was detected by indirect immunoflorscence method, and the HV antigen in the rodent lung was assayed by direct immunoflorscence method. Results There were 757 cases in the whole province in 2007, mainly distributed in Ningbo, Shaoxing, Taizhou, Lishui and Quzhou, accounting for about 86.79% of the total （657/757）. There were two incidence peaks in summer, winter and spring. Most of the cases were young and middle?aged peasants. Conclusion The incidence rate of HFRS in Zhejiang province has been stable in recent years, but it was still high in some counties and cities. Therefore, the prevention and control of HFRS in the main epidemic areas should be strengthened.

Objective To learn the infection condition of Bartonella henselae in cats from Zhejiang province. Methods Blood were collected from cats' venae femoralis. Then the whole blood was detected by isolation culturation and PCR. Serum were detected by ELISA and data were analyzed using SPSS(11.0). Results Infection rate of B.henselae was very high in cats from different district and the average positive rate was 34.5%. Positive rates in Jiangshan, Longyou, Anji, Chun'an, Jiande and Shangyu were 37.5%, 30.0%, 33.3%, 40.0%, 50.0% and 28.6% respectively. There were no significant difference among positive rates in different districts and different sex. Conclusion Cats were infected seriously by B.henselae in Zhejiang province and measures must be taken to prevent it.

Objective To understand the epidemic dynamic of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS) which was in humans and animals in Taizhou city for preventive measures against the disease.Methods Choose the surveillant aera of Tiantai and Xianju,and the epidemic foci of the other counties as surveillance of epidemic of HFRS in humans and host animal,and use the indirect immunofluorescence assay to determine the antiboby and direct immunofluorescence assay to determine the antigen. Results 13 752 cases had been reported from 1984 to 2005 in Taizhou city,and the annual incidence was 11.90/100 000.The incidence 34.85/100 000 of 1986 was the highest.The incidence and the number of cases of Tiantai county was the highest in Taizhou city.From November to January of the next year was the main onset peak,and from April to June also had a small onset peak.The onset curve showed a double peak mode.The incidence number of age group of 20 to 49 accounted for 66.57% and the ratio of the male to female was 2.58∶1.Farmers accounted for 80.95% of all patients.The accordant rate of the suspected patients and the confirmed patients was 68.72%,and the recessive infection rate of in healthy people was 3.13%. The total density of small animal was 10.94%,and the outdoor density was 13.07% which was obviously higher than that in residential area 8.79%( P<0.01). Apodemus agrarius which accounted for 76.89%.However,the dominant species of rodents at residential the distribution of specific group was 2 items and 16 kinds in all.The predominant species of rodents outdoors was Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout which accounted for 77.37%.The virus carried rate of the Apodemus agrarius and R.norvegicus were 4.48% and 3.95% respectively.The virus carried rate of rodents were 0.044 and 0.036 respectively.The seasonal ebb and flow of the small animal density,the seasonal distribution of virus carried rate and the toxic index of rodents were by and large accord with the seasonal distribution of epidemic situation in humans,which all appeared from November to January of the next year and from April to June.The brumal peak was the main peak.The classification of the serum of the patients and the antigen of rodent lung had showed that the type of apodemus(Ⅰ) were respectively 60.91% and 53.52%,the type of house-rat(Ⅱ) were respectively 32.51% and 37.42%,and the unclassified ones were respectively 6.58% and 9.06%.Conclusion Taizhou city was the HFRS epidemic area of mixed types.The main type was the apodemus agrarius.Because of the high density of rodents and virus carried rate,it was reasonable to take the integrative preventive measures mainly by using bivalent vaccine and rodent control.

Objective The aim of this study was to test the efficiency of boric acid as gel baits in the managements of German cockroach Blattella germanica population.Methods Several borate-sugar combinations as baits were evaluated in no-choice assays in laboratory,the oral toxicity was determined for German cockroach.Results The death numbers of German cockroach had linear correlation with the reaction time.The mortalities were 80.0% and 93.3% after 3 days when 2% and 4% boric acid were applied,respectively.It reached 96.0% for adult B.germanica after 4 days.The feasible glucose and sucrose baits were selected under 2% boric acid.When B.germanica feed 0.05 mol/L and 0.1 mol/L glucose or sucrose baits with boric acid separately,the mortality was above 80% after 4 days in no-choice assays.Conclusion Boric acid gel baits is an effective,inexpensive and low risk alternative in urban pest management.The mixture of boric acid and glucose or boric acid-sucrose solutions,can also be applied in the control, B.germanica.

Objective To study the epidemiological charactristics of Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS) in Zhejiang province for preventive measures against the disease. Methods Animal hosts were investigated in surveillance area during 1984-2001.The serum of the patients were collected to test. Analysis both the rodents density and rodents virus carried rate. Results 12 027cases were reported in five surveillance areas of Zhejiang Province with an annual incidence of 35.52/100,000. 86 patients died with a fatality rate of 0.72%. HFRS was primarily a diease of the youth male peasants. Most infections happened in November to next January and April to June. The average density of rodents is 10%. The serum positive rate of patients is 67.81%. Apodemus mode( 60.91%) is the main type. Conclusion Zhejiang Province belonges to mixed epidemic area of HFRS and the Apodemus mode is primary.

Objective To study the epidemic characteristics,determine the type of epidemic focus,and make the preventive strategy of HFRS.Methods FAT was used to detect HV antigen in lungs of mice,and IFAT for antibody detection in HFRS patients.Results In the last 19 years,a total of 4 511 cases occurred in the whole county.Among 4 093 small animals examined,259(6.33%) were positive for HV antigen. Apodemus agrarins was dominant in wild rats(82.30%).Its HV positive rate was 8.90%; Rattus norregicus was dominant in domestic rats(66.70%).The HV positive rates for Rattus nitiuds and Rattus norvegicus were 6.47% and 5.38%.Two incidence peak periods were found in summer and winter spring.Most of the cases were young and middle aged peasants.Conclusion The host animals in epidemic zone had a high HV positive rate.Deratization,health education and vaccination were necessary for epidenics control.

Objective Developing microwave immunofluorescence method for quick detection of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS) and rabies virus antibody.Methods Screening out the best reaction conditions of the microwave immunofluorescence method by direct immunofluorescence technology;Examining HFRS antibody in 50 serum samples from suspicious HFRS patients and rabies antibody in 50 serum samples from human 10 days after 5 injections of rabies vaccine with the microwave immunofluorescence method and comparing the results with those of the routine indirect immunofluorescence test.Results The best reaction condition was treatment with 40% microwave intensity in 1 min and the secondary was treatment with 20% microwave intensity in 2 min.The others were imprecticable.16 samples were judged positive of HFRS antibody(GMT=160.0) by the microwave immunofluorescence method and the positive rate was 32%.The result was just the same as that of the routine method(GMT=167.1) and they had no considerable difference statistically.43 samples were judged positive of rabies antibody(GMT= 83.93) by microwave immunofluorescence method and the positive rate was 86%.Comparing with the positive number of 45(GMT=87.70)and the positive rate of 90% resulted by the routine method,the result showed no considerable statistic difference.Conclusion The microwave immunofluorescence method is quick and easy with high sensitivity and specificity.It can be used for quick diagnosis and is applicable in base units.

Objective To study the epidemic characteristics and make the preventive strategy of HFRS.Methods FAT was used to detected HV antigen in lunges of mouse,and IFAT for antibody detection in HFRS patients.Results All 1 499 cases of whole province were mainly distributed in Shaoxing,Quzhou,Ningbo,Lishui,Taizhou of Zhejiang province.Summer and autum,winter were the two peak periods of HFRS in Zhejiang.Most of the cases were young strong peasants.Conclusion We should select bivalent vaccine to decreasing the incidence of HFRS in the mixed type areas where Apodemus agrarius is the main mouse.

Objective:To study HFRS's prevalent regularity in the whole province,to control its outbreak and work out the way to deal with it.Methods:Direct Fluorescent Antibody Technic(FAT) was used to test HV antigen in rat's lung,Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Technic(IFAT) was used to test HV antibody in sera of patients and people in good health.Results:There were 9041 patients in the whole province from 1997 to 2000,and 48 of them had died.The average morbidity was 5.08 per 100 000 persons.Most patients were in the east and west hilly land of Zhejiang province.11 cities of Zhejiang province had patients.The patients were both disperse and relatively concentrately.Most patients came from Shaoxing,Ningbo,Taizhou,Quzhou,Hangzhou and Jinghua city.Main HFRS's host animal in field is Apodemus Agrarius Pallas,main host animal in house is Rattus Norvegicus Berkenhout.Conclusion:HFRS's surveil lance and vaccinated people with HFRS's vaccine should be enhanced.

Objective:To control morbidity of HFRS in high epidemic area.Methods:The integrated control measures were carried.The main way is to vaccinate people.The second way is to eliminate rat and health education.Result:The vaccine inculatory rate in the crowd from sixteen to sixty was 51.86%.Immune cucceed rate was 97.6%.From 1997 to 1999,the morbidity of HFRS in five villages decrease from 490.23 per 100000 to zero.Conclusion:The measures of integrated coutrol HFRS high epidemic area is efficient to reduce HFRS'S morbidity.